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Bakit may bisa pa rin ang warrant ng ICC laban kay Duterte kahit kumalas na ang Pilipinas?

Mike Manalaysay March 11, 2025 at 06:17 PM

Kahit kumalas na ang Pilipinas mula sa International Criminal Court (ICC), itinuloy pa rin nito ang imbestigasyon sa madugong war on drugs ni dating pangulong Rodrigo Duterte at naglabas pa rin ito ng warrant of arrest na naging basehan sa pag-aresto kay Duterte ngayong araw, Marso 11. Ano ang paliwanag sa likod nito?

Humiwalay ang Pilipinas mula sa International Criminal Court noong Marso 17, 2019, matapos ipahayag ni dating Pangulong Duterte ang pagtiwalag ng bansa mula sa Rome Statute, ang kasunduang nagtatag sa ICC. Sa kabila nito, hindi nangangahulugan na awtomatikong nawalan ng bisa ang imbestigasyon ng ICC sa mga umano’y krimen laban sa sangkatauhan na naganap bago ang naturang petsa.

Ayon kay Atty. Mel Sta. Maria, dating dean ng Far Eastern University Institute of Law, malinaw ang naging desisyon ng Korte Suprema sa kasong Pangilinan et al. v. Cayetano et al. (G.R. No. 238875) na nagpapatibay sa hurisdiksyon ng ICC.

“Although the Philippines had withdrawn from the ICC, in Pangilinan et al. v. Cayetano et al. (G.R. No. 238875), the Supreme Court (SC) ruled that the ICC ‘retains jurisdiction over any and all acts committed by government actors until March 17, 2019. Hence, withdrawal from the Rome Statute does not affect the liabilities of individuals charged before the International Criminal Court for acts committed up to this date,’” paliwanag ni Sta. Maria.

Sa ilalim ng international law, may tinatawag na complementarity rule, na nag-aatas na hindi maaaring makialam ang isang pandaigdigang hukuman kung ang isang bansa ay may ginagawang sariling imbestigasyon o paglilitis. Pero may mga kondisyon ito, ayon kay Sta. Maria:

“Under International Law, the complementarity rule provides that an international body cannot investigate or hear a case involving an international crime when a particular State is investigating or prosecuting the alleged accused which has jurisdiction over it, unless the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation.”

Dagdag pa rito, may probisyon sa batas ng Pilipinas na nagpapahintulot sa isang pandaigdigang hukuman tulad ng ICC na magkaroon ng jurisdiction sa isang kaso.

“Under Section 17 of Republic Act No. 9851, the Philippines can waive its jurisdiction to allow an international tribunal to conduct the hearing. If there is a conflict between a local law and international law, in the global arena, international law prevails. Be that as it may, there is no violation of the complementarity rule when the laws of a country allow waiver of its jurisdiction like in the Philippines.”

Ano ang Rome Statute at Ano ang Sakop Nito?

Ang Rome Statute ay ang kasunduang nagtatag sa ICC noong 1998. Naging kasapi ang Pilipinas noong 2011. Isa sa mga pangunahing mandato ng ICC ay imbestigahan at litisin ang mga indibidwal na akusado ng mga heinous crimes, kabilang ang genocide, war crimes, at crimes against humanity.

Sa ilalim ng Artikulo 7 ng Rome Statute, malinaw na itinuturing na crime against humanity ang mga pagpaslang na bahagi ng isang sistematikong atake laban sa sibilyang populasyon.

“Article 7 of The Rome Statute creating the International Criminal Court and listing down universal crimes provides that CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY includes murder ‘committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack,’” dagdag pa ni Sta. Maria.

Ano ang Kahulugan Nito sa Kaso ni Duterte?

Dahil sa desisyon ng Korte Suprema at sa mga probisyong ito ng international law, nananatiling may hurisdiksyon ang ICC sa mga kaso laban kay Duterte na may kinalaman sa kanyang war on drugs hanggang sa Marso 17, 2019. Ang pag-atras ng Pilipinas mula sa ICC ay hindi nangangahulugan na mapapawalang-bisa na ang mga kasong isinampa laban sa kanya bago ang naturang petsa.

Dahil dito, itinuloy ng ICC ang paglabas ng warrant of arrest laban sa dating pangulo, na nagresulta sa kanyang pagkakaaresto ngayong araw, Marso 11, 2025.

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