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Putin, Duterte at ICC

Sonny Fernandez March 22, 2023 at 02:05 PM

Niyanig ang mundo nung Friday March 17, 2023 ng balitang ipinaaaresto ng International Criminal Court (ICC) si Russia President Vladimir Putin sa hinalang war crimes.

Sa press release ng ICC sa kanilang website, sinasabing nakagawa sina Putin ng unlawful deportation ng mga bata mula sa Ukraine papuntang Russia. Nakabase ito sa Rome Statute Articles 8 (2)(a)(vii) at 8 (2)(b)(viii) at nangyari mula February 24, 2022.

Kasama ring ipinapahuli ang Russia Commissioner for Children’s Rights na si Maria Lvova-Belova sa parehong reklamo.

Social media was also abuzz kasi naglalagablab din sa init ang mga Pinoy sa balitang ipagpapatuloy na ng ICC ang preliminary investigation sa crimes against humanity laban sa dating Presidente Rodrigo Duterte.

Naging mas malapit ang diplomatic relation ng Pilipinas at Russia sa panahon ng Duterte admin nang bumatikos at dumistansya ito sa US at dumikit din pati sa China nang wala namang nahita.

Sa kaso ni Putin, marami ang nagtatanong – pwede ba yun, ipahuli si Putin kahit hindi member ang Russia sa ICC? Bakit biglaan yata, dumaan ba sa proseso? Paano siya huhuliin?

Nang tanungin ng Al Jazeera si ICC President Piotr Hofmanski – yes, ang sagot niya sa tanong. Batay sa (Rome) Statute, may legal obligation ang 123 state parties na makipagtulungan sa korte tulad ng pag-aresto sa tao bilang pagsunod sa inilabas na arrest warrant.

Paliwanag ni Hofmanski, may jurisdiction o karapatan ang ICC sa mga krimeng nangyari sa teritoryo ng isang state party o bansa na tinanggap ang jurisdiction ng ICC.

Pumirma ang Russia sa Rome Statute nung 2000 pero hindi ito ni-ratify kaya hindi naging miyembro hanggang nag-withdraw ito nung 2016.

Hindi naman naging member ng ICC ang Ukraine, pero dalawang beses nitong tinanggap ang ICC jurisdiction – nung 2014 at 2015.

Mukha lang nakabibigla pero dumaan din sa proseso ang reklamo vs Russia hindi lang siguro naging matunog noon.

Ayon sa ICC, 2014 pa lang ay inaalam na nila kung may posibleng war crimes sa Ukraine mula nang nagsimula ng preliminary investigation si Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda.

Pinalawig ni Bensouda ang imbestigasyon para saklawin ang mga hinihinalang krimen mula February 20, 2014 onwards. Pagdating ng 2020, nakumbinsi si Bensouda na may batayan para sabihing may mga krimeng naganap.

Hanggang buksan ng kasalukuyang ICC prosecutor, Karim Khan, na pumalit kay Bensouda, ang pagsisiyasat at isinama ang sinasabing invasion ng Russia sa Ukraine.

Pero hindi kinikilala ng Russia ang ICC dahil hindi sila miyembro nito. Sabi ng Russia spokesman Dmitry Peskov sa kanyang tweet nung Biyernes, “ang mga ganyang desisyon ay null at void para sa Russian Federation batay sa batas.”

Paniwala ni Khan, hindi na mahalaga dahil malinaw sa “Article 27 ng Rome Statute na anumang opisyal na posisyon ng indibidwal ay walang saysay sa jurisdiction ng korte. Katunayan, aniya, mula 39, umabot na sa 43 ang bansang nag-refer para alamin ang mga nangyayari sa Ukraine – mula Japan, Latin America, at Europe.”

Ibig sabihin, kapag si Putin ay bumisita sa isa 123 ICC-member states, aarestuhin siya at ite-turn over sa ICC. O kaya pwede siyang i-surrender mismo ng Russia kung gagawin nila ito.

Sa kanyang nightly address noon ding Biyernes, pinuri ni Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky ang desisyon ng ICC. Sa report ng CNN, sinabi ni Zelensky na mahigit “16,000 forced deportations ng mga bata sa Ukraine ang naitala. Pero ang totoong bilang ng deportees ay maaaring mas marami.”

Alam ng international community na ang sinasabing maramihang pagpapalikas at paglipat sa libo-libong bata sa Russian Federation ay hindi deportation kundi programa ng Putin administration para maproteksyunan ang mga batang naiipit sa bakbakan at mailayo sila sa kapahamakan.

Nitong Lunes, March 20, bumisita si China President Xi Jinping bilang suporta kay Putin na nagsabing bukas sila sa negosasyon sa Ukraine.

Makasaysayan ang aksyon ng ICC laban kay Putin.

First time na isasailalim sa trial ang pinuno ng isang superpower na bansa.

First time na ipinaaaresto ang isang permanent member ng UN Security Council.

Kakaiba ang kasong legal na ito dahil dalawang partido na hindi miyembro ng ICC ang sangkot sa imbestigasyon.

Para sa mga Pilipinong naging biktima ng tokhang killings, nagbigay ito ng malaking pag-asa sa kasong isinampa nila sa ICC laban sa dating pangulo.

Umabot sa 6, 252 ang naitalang namatay sa Oplan Tokhang o war on drugs sa rehimeng Duterte as of May 31, 2022. Hindi pa kasama riyan ang mga pinatay o biktima ng extrajudicial killings na tinataya ng Commission on Human Rights na umabot ng 27,000 nung 2018.

Noong April 24, 2017, naghain ng complaint ang Filipino lawyer na si Jude Sabio sa ICC laban kay Duterte para sa mass murder sa Pilipinas. Si Sabio ang lawyer ng self-confessed Davao Death Squad member na si Edgar Matobato na unang lumantad at itinuro si Duterte na nasa likod ng patayan sa Davao City bilang mayor.

Para patotohanan ito, nag-file nung June 6, 2017 ng supplemental complaint sina Senator Antonio Trillanes IV at Magdalo Rep. Gary Alejano sa ICC laban kay Duterte kaugnay pa rin ng patayan sa ilegal na droga.

At nung February 8, 2018, inanunsyo ni Bensouda na sinimulan na nila ang preliminary examination para alamin kung may sapat na ebidensya laban kay Duterte na saklaw ng jurisdiction ng korte.

Sa takot at pag-aakalang malulusutan ang kaso, inanunsyo ni Duterte nung March 14 na umatras na ang Pilipinas sa ICC pero ang nangyari nga, base na rin sa Rome Statute, isang taon ito bago naging effective.

Hindi na nga nakalusot, lumakas pa ang kaso laban kay Duterte nang nagsampa ng reklamo ang mga pamilya ng mga pinatay sa drug war nung August 28. Nagbuo sila ng grupo na tinawag na Rise Up for Life and for Rights at nanawagan sa ICC na isakdal hanggang parusahan si Duterte dahil sa libo-libong extrajudicial killings.

Pagdating ng September 15, 2021, inaprubahan ng ICC pre-trial chamber ang preliminary investigation sa war on drugs ni Duterte at sa patayan sa Davao City mula 2011 hanggang 2016.

Sa bisa ng Rome Statute, hiniling ng Duterte admin sa ICC nung November 10, 2021 na ipagpaliban ang imbestigasyon at kilalanin ang mga aksyon na ginagawa ng gobyerno para lutasin ang mga kaso na pinayagan naman ni Prosecutor Khan.

Makaraan ang pitong buwan nung June 24, 2022, hiniling ni Prosecutor Khan sa ICC pre-trial chamber na payagan silang ituloy ang imbestigasyon sa patayan sa ilalim ng Duterte drug war dahil wala namang kongkretong hakbang na ginawa ang mga otoridad sa Pilipinas sa mga kaso.

Kaya naman nitong January 26, 2023 pinayagan na uling ituloy ang preliminary investigation laban sa crimes against humanity of murder kay Duterte at iba pang kasabwat.

Mapapansing nagpapanic na naman ang gobyerno para pagtakpan ang extrajudicial killings at kupkupin ang hinihinalang kriminal na si Duterte kaugnay ng oplan tokhang.

Naglabas ng resolution ang kamara at senado na dinedepensahan si Duterte. Nagbanta si Presidential legal counsel Juan Ponce Enrile na ipadadakip nila ang sinumang ICC personnel na pupunta sa Pilipinas. Bumanat naman si Justice Secretary Crispin Remulla na nakakainsulto ang ginagawa ng ICC sa Pilipinas.

Bawa’t galaw ng ICC, nakabantay at may hirit pero malinaw na wala namang kagila-gilalas na aksyon ang Pilipinas para makumbinsi ang buong mundo na mabibigyan ng hustisya ang libo-libong biktima ng extrajudicial killings na nangyari sa panahon nina Duterte, Bato at iba pang kasama sa kaso.

Nandyan ang kumalas sa ICC, tapos gagamitin naman ang Rome Statute; may nagbabanta, may naiinsulto raw at congressional resolutions na ipinagtatanggol ang isa pang berdugo ng madugong post-martial law era.

Para kay Duterte at mga alipores niya, iisa ang ibig sabihin ng pagpapa-aresto ng ICC kay Putin: kung si Putin ay hindi sini-sino ng ICC, si Duterte pa kaya.

Malaki ang pagkakaiba nina Putin at Duterte at mga krimeng ibinibintang sa kanila.

Isanlibo’t isang pagdududa ang nakataklob sa war crimes vs Putin habang halos wala namang kwestyon sa crimes against humanity vs Duterte lalo na at buong mundo ang witness sa patayan at kapag sinasabi niyang ” if its drugs, shoot and kill” at katulad na mga salita na kino-consider ng ICC na state policy para atakihin ang mga sibilyan.

May bahid ang motibo sa mga akusasyon kina Putin. Halos lahat ng mga bansang sumuporta sa imbestigasyon sa Ukraine ay kaalyado ng US.

Nung pumutok ang military action ng Russia sa Ukraine, chorus line ang US at mga kaalyado nito sa pagkondena sa “Russian invasion of Ukraine,” at sa pamamagitan ng western media ay nababaling ang usapan sa mga kasamaan ng Russia.

Mula 2014 hanggang sa pagsisimula ng 2022, mahigit 14K na ang namatay sa paggiyera ng Ukraine sa Donbass na funded at trained ng CIA at US government sa Kiev at white supremacist forces na Azov Battalion.

Ayon sa Global Times, sa pag-aaral ng political scientist na si John Mearsheimer, nag-ugat ang Russia- Ukraine crisis sa NATO Bucharest noong April 2008 nang sabihin ng US na gagawin nilang miyembro ng NATO ang Georgia at Ukraine.

Malinaw pa lang noon na sinabi ng Russia na banta sa kanilang pag-iral ang plano ng US lalo’t malaking porsyento ng Ukrainians ay Russians. Banta dahil gustong palibutan ng US ang Russia ng mga kaalyado nito. Naging trigger ito para humakbang ang Russia at pigilan ito.

Bilang patunay sa plano ng US, nung January 2022, lumabas sa Yahoo News na sikretong nagsasanay ng mga pwersa ang Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) ng “elite Ukrainian special operations forces at intelligence personnel. Bumibiyahe pa ang CIA sa Eastern Ukraine para mag-advise sa counterpart nila sa Ukraine nung 2015.

Ang Azov Special Operations Detachment o Azov Battalion na isang Neo-Nazi military regiment na binubuo ng white supremacists, ay kalahok na pwersa ng Ukraine laban sa Russia.

Isa itong unit ng National Guard of Ukraine at sangkot sa iba-ibang terrorist attacks separatist incitements sa maraming bansa tulad ng Hong Kong riots nung 2019, ayon pa sa Global Times.

Noon ding 2015, sa report na inilabas ng The Nation nung January 2016, inalis na ng US Congress ang ban sa pagpopondo sa Neo-Nazi groups tulad ng Azov Battalion.

Nung December 2017, ibinunyag ng American weapons manufacturer na si Richard Vandiver sa Voice of America, na ang ibinenta nitong lethal weapons sa Ukraine ay mahigpit na koordinasyon ng US Embassy, State Department, Pentagon at Ukraine government.

Makaraan ang ilang linggo, kinumpirma ng Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Lab nung January 2018 ang report na ang recipient ng mga armas ay Azov Battalion.

Alam natin ang kapabilidad na meron ang US. Alam din natin na ang Russia at China ay may mga power – military at economic – agenda rin, pare-pareho silang kontra mamamayan at kontra demokrasya.

Ang point is, beterano pa rin talaga ang Amerika sa pagmamaniobra ng global politics pabor sa kanyang interes, panloloko sa mga kaalyado at pakikialam sa internal conflict ng maraming bansa.

Bukod sa Ukraine intervention ng US, marami ang nagtataka kung bakit walang US president ang kinakasuhan sa ICC gayung sila ang may pinakamahabang listahan ng military at political intervention sa maraming bansa sa Europe, Latin America at sa Indo-Pacific – sa Pilipinas.

Sariwa pa ang US invasion of Iraq na kinayag pa ang 28 na bansa para hindi siya mapuruhan sa batikos at magmukhang legit pero sulsol ng Amerika ang giyerang ito dahil meron daw “weapons of mass destruction” ang Iraq na wala namang nakuha.

So halimbawa, bakit walang nagdemanda sa ICC sa pangge-giyera ni US President George W. Bush sa Iraq?

Nandyan din ang US aggression sa Afghan War para raw labanan ang terorismo, nanghimasok din sila sa Libya, Syria at hanggang nitong 2021, nanggulo sa Mozambique.

Sa kasaysayan, sinasabing umabot ng halos 400 ang military interventions ng US mula 1776 hanggang 2019.

Sino nga ba ang Number 1 bansang terorista at nakalalayang makialam sa maraming bansa na dapat parusahan ng ICC ang mga lider?

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This privacy notice section for California residents supplements the information contained in Our Privacy Policy and it applies solely to all visitors, users, and others who reside in the State of California.

Categories of Personal Information Collected

We collect information that identifies, relates to, describes, references, is capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with a particular Consumer or Device. The following is a list of categories of personal information which we may collect or may have been collected from California residents within the last twelve (12) months.

Please note that the categories and examples provided in the list below are those defined in the CCPA. This does not mean that all examples of that category of personal information were in fact collected by Us, but reflects our good faith belief to the best of our knowledge that some of that information from the applicable category may be and may have been collected. For example, certain categories of personal information would only be collected if You provided such personal information directly to Us.

  • Category A: Identifiers.Examples: A real name, alias, postal address, unique personal identifier, online identifier, Internet Protocol address, email address, account name, driver's license number, passport number, or other similar identifiers.

    Collected: Yes.

  • Category B: Personal information categories listed in the California Customer Records statute (Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.80(e)).Examples: A name, signature, Social Security number, physical characteristics or description, address, telephone number, passport number, driver's license or state identification card number, insurance policy number, education, employment, employment history, bank account number, credit card number, debit card number, or any other financial information, medical information, or health insurance information. Some personal information included in this category may overlap with other categories.

    Collected: Yes.

  • Category C: Protected classification characteristics under California or federal law.Examples: Age (40 years or older), race, color, ancestry, national origin, citizenship, religion or creed, marital status, medical condition, physical or mental disability, sex (including gender, gender identity, gender expression, pregnancy or childbirth and related medical conditions), sexual orientation, veteran or military status, genetic information (including familial genetic information).

    Collected: No.

  • Category D: Commercial information.Examples: Records and history of products or services purchased or considered.

    Collected: Yes.

  • Category E: Biometric information.Examples: Genetic, physiological, behavioral, and biological characteristics, or activity patterns used to extract a template or other identifier or identifying information, such as, fingerprints, faceprints, and voiceprints, iris or retina scans, keystroke, gait, or other physical patterns, and sleep, health, or exercise data.

    Collected: No.

  • Category F: Internet or other similar network activity.Examples: Interaction with our Service or advertisement.

    Collected: Yes.

  • Category G: Geolocation data.Examples: Approximate physical location.

    Collected: No.

  • Category H: Sensory data.Examples: Audio, electronic, visual, thermal, olfactory, or similar information.

    Collected: No.

  • Category I: Professional or employment-related information.Examples: Current or past job history or performance evaluations.

    Collected: No.

  • Category J: Non-public education information (per the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. Section 1232g, 34 C.F.R. Part 99)).Examples: Education records directly related to a student maintained by an educational institution or party acting on its behalf, such as grades, transcripts, class lists, student schedules, student identification codes, student financial information, or student disciplinary records.

    Collected: No.

  • Category K: Inferences drawn from other personal information.Examples: Profile reflecting a person's preferences, characteristics, psychological trends, predispositions, behavior, attitudes, intelligence, abilities, and aptitudes.

    Collected: No.

Under CCPA, personal information does not include:

  • Publicly available information from government records
  • Deidentified or aggregated consumer information
  • Information excluded from the CCPA's scope, such as:
    • Health or medical information covered by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and the California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (CMIA) or clinical trial data
    • Personal Information covered by certain sector-specific privacy laws, including the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FRCA), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) or California Financial Information Privacy Act (FIPA), and the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994

Sources of Personal Information

We obtain the categories of personal information listed above from the following categories of sources:

  • Directly from You. For example, from the forms You complete on our Service, preferences You express or provide through our Service, or from Your purchases on our Service.
  • Indirectly from You. For example, from observing Your activity on our Service.
  • Automatically from You. For example, through cookies We or our Service Providers set on Your Device as You navigate through our Service.
  • From Service Providers. For example, third-party vendors to monitor and analyze the use of our Service, third-party vendors for payment processing, or other third-party vendors that We use to provide the Service to You.

Use of Personal Information for Business Purposes or Commercial Purposes

We may use or disclose personal information We collect for "business purposes" or "commercial purposes" (as defined under the CCPA), which may include the following examples:

  • To operate our Service and provide You with our Service.
  • To provide You with support and to respond to Your inquiries, including to investigate and address Your concerns and monitor and improve our Service.
  • To fulfill or meet the reason You provided the information. For example, if You share Your contact information to ask a question about our Service, We will use that personal information to respond to Your inquiry. If You provide Your personal information to purchase a product or service, We will use that information to process Your payment and facilitate delivery.
  • To respond to law enforcement requests and as required by applicable law, court order, or governmental regulations.
  • As described to You when collecting Your personal information or as otherwise set forth in the CCPA.
  • For internal administrative and auditing purposes.
  • To detect security incidents and protect against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, including, when necessary, to prosecute those responsible for such activities.

Please note that the examples provided above are illustrative and not intended to be exhaustive. For more details on how we use this information, please refer to the "Use of Your Personal Data" section.

If We decide to collect additional categories of personal information or use the personal information We collected for materially different, unrelated, or incompatible purposes We will update this Privacy Policy.

Disclosure of Personal Information for Business Purposes or Commercial Purposes

We may use or disclose and may have used or disclosed in the last twelve (12) months the following categories of personal information for business or commercial purposes:

  • Category A: Identifiers
  • Category B: Personal information categories listed in the California Customer Records statute (Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.80(e))
  • Category D: Commercial information
  • Category F: Internet or other similar network activity

Please note that the categories listed above are those defined in the CCPA. This does not mean that all examples of that category of personal information were in fact disclosed, but reflects our good faith belief to the best of our knowledge that some of that information from the applicable category may be and may have been disclosed.

When We disclose personal information for a business purpose or a commercial purpose, We enter a contract that describes the purpose and requires the recipient to both keep that personal information confidential and not use it for any purpose except performing the contract.

Sale of Personal Information

As defined in the CCPA, "sell" and "sale" mean selling, renting, releasing, disclosing, disseminating, making available, transferring, or otherwise communicating orally, in writing, or by electronic or other means, a consumer's personal information by the business to a third party for valuable consideration. This means that We may have received some kind of benefit in return for sharing personal information, but not necessarily a monetary benefit.

Please note that the categories listed below are those defined in the CCPA. This does not mean that all examples of that category of personal information were in fact sold, but reflects our good faith belief to the best of our knowledge that some of that information from the applicable category may be and may have been shared for value in return.

We may sell and may have sold in the last twelve (12) months the following categories of personal information:

  • Category A: Identifiers
  • Category B: Personal information categories listed in the California Customer Records statute (Cal. Civ. Code § 1798.80(e))
  • Category D: Commercial information
  • Category F: Internet or other similar network activity

Share of Personal Information

We may share Your personal information identified in the above categories with the following categories of third parties:

  • Service Providers
  • Payment processors
  • Our affiliates
  • Our business partners
  • Third party vendors to whom You or Your agents authorize Us to disclose Your personal information in connection with products or services We provide to You

Sale of Personal Information of Minors Under 16 Years of Age

We do not knowingly collect personal information from minors under the age of 16 through our Service, although certain third party websites that we link to may do so. These third-party websites have their own terms of use and privacy policies and we encourage parents and legal guardians to monitor their children's Internet usage and instruct their children to never provide information on other websites without their permission.

We do not sell the personal information of Consumers We actually know are less than 16 years of age, unless We receive affirmative authorization (the "right to opt-in") from either the Consumer who is between 13 and 16 years of age, or the parent or guardian of a Consumer less than 13 years of age. Consumers who opt-in to the sale of personal information may opt-out of future sales at any time. To exercise the right to opt-out, You (or Your authorized representative) may submit a request to Us by contacting Us.

If You have reason to believe that a child under the age of 13 (or 16) has provided Us with personal information, please contact Us with sufficient detail to enable Us to delete that information.

Your Rights under the CCPA

The CCPA provides California residents with specific rights regarding their personal information. If You are a resident of California, You have the following rights:

  • The right to notice. You have the right to be notified which categories of Personal Data are being collected and the purposes for which the Personal Data is being used.
  • The right to request. Under CCPA, You have the right to request that We disclose information to You about Our collection, use, sale, disclosure for business purposes and share of personal information. Once We receive and confirm Your request, We will disclose to You:
    • The categories of personal information We collected about You
    • The categories of sources for the personal information We collected about You
    • Our business or commercial purpose for collecting or selling that personal information
    • The categories of third parties with whom We share that personal information
    • The specific pieces of personal information We collected about You
    • If we sold Your personal information or disclosed Your personal information for a business purpose, We will disclose to You:
      • The categories of personal information categories sold
      • The categories of personal information categories disclosed
  • The right to say no to the sale of Personal Data (opt-out). You have the right to direct Us to not sell Your personal information. To submit an opt-out request please contact Us.
  • The right to delete Personal Data. You have the right to request the deletion of Your Personal Data, subject to certain exceptions. Once We receive and confirm Your request, We will delete (and direct Our Service Providers to delete) Your personal information from our records, unless an exception applies. We may deny Your deletion request if retaining the information is necessary for Us or Our Service Providers to:
    • Complete the transaction for which We collected the personal information, provide a good or service that You requested, take actions reasonably anticipated within the context of our ongoing business relationship with You, or otherwise perform our contract with You.
    • Detect security incidents, protect against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent, or illegal activity, or prosecute those responsible for such activities.
    • Debug products to identify and repair errors that impair existing intended functionality.
    • Exercise free speech, ensure the right of another consumer to exercise their free speech rights, or exercise another right provided for by law.
    • Comply with the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act (Cal. Penal Code § 1546 et. seq.).
    • Engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific, historical, or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws, when the information's deletion may likely render impossible or seriously impair the research's achievement, if You previously provided informed consent.
    • Enable solely internal uses that are reasonably aligned with consumer expectations based on Your relationship with Us.
    • Comply with a legal obligation.
    • Make other internal and lawful uses of that information that are compatible with the context in which You provided it.
  • The right not to be discriminated against. You have the right not to be discriminated against for exercising any of Your consumer's rights, including by:
    • Denying goods or services to You
    • Charging different prices or rates for goods or services, including the use of discounts or other benefits or imposing penalties
    • Providing a different level or quality of goods or services to You
    • Suggesting that You will receive a different price or rate for goods or services or a different level or quality of goods or services

Exercising Your CCPA Data Protection Rights

In order to exercise any of Your rights under the CCPA, and if You are a California resident, You can contact Us:

  • By visiting this page on our website: [___WEBSITE_CONTACT_PAGE_URL___]
  • By sending us an email: [___WEBSITE_CONTACT_EMAIL___]

Only You, or a person registered with the California Secretary of State that You authorize to act on Your behalf, may make a verifiable request related to Your personal information.

Your request to Us must:

  • Provide sufficient information that allows Us to reasonably verify You are the person about whom We collected personal information or an authorized representative
  • Describe Your request with sufficient detail that allows Us to properly understand, evaluate, and respond to it

We cannot respond to Your request or provide You with the required information if we cannot:

  • Verify Your identity or authority to make the request
  • And confirm that the personal information relates to You

We will disclose and deliver the required information free of charge within 45 days of receiving Your verifiable request. The time period to provide the required information may be extended once by an additional 45 days when reasonably necessary and with prior notice.

Any disclosures We provide will only cover the 12-month period preceding the verifiable request's receipt.

For data portability requests, We will select a format to provide Your personal information that is readily usable and should allow You to transmit the information from one entity to another entity without hindrance.

Do Not Sell My Personal Information

You have the right to opt-out of the sale of Your personal information. Once We receive and confirm a verifiable consumer request from You, we will stop selling Your personal information. To exercise Your right to opt-out, please contact Us.

The Service Providers we partner with (for example, our analytics or advertising partners) may use technology on the Service that sells personal information as defined by the CCPA law. If you wish to opt out of the use of Your personal information for interest-based advertising purposes and these potential sales as defined under CCPA law, you may do so by following the instructions below.

Please note that any opt out is specific to the browser You use. You may need to opt out on every browser that You use.

Website

You can opt out of receiving ads that are personalized as served by our Service Providers by following our instructions presented on the Service:

The opt out will place a cookie on Your computer that is unique to the browser You use to opt out. If you change browsers or delete the cookies saved by your browser, You will need to opt out again.

Mobile Devices

Your mobile device may give You the ability to opt out of the use of information about the apps You use in order to serve You ads that are targeted to Your interests:

  • "Opt out of Interest-Based Ads" or "Opt out of Ads Personalization" on Android devices
  • "Limit Ad Tracking" on iOS devices

You can also stop the collection of location information from Your mobile device by changing the preferences on Your mobile device.

"Do Not Track" Policy as Required by California Online Privacy Protection Act (CalOPPA)

Our Service does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

However, some third party websites do keep track of Your browsing activities. If You are visiting such websites, You can set Your preferences in Your web browser to inform websites that You do not want to be tracked. You can enable or disable DNT by visiting the preferences or settings page of Your web browser.

Children's Privacy

Our Service does not address anyone under the age of 13. We do not knowingly collect personally identifiable information from anyone under the age of 13. If You are a parent or guardian and You are aware that Your child has provided Us with Personal Data, please contact Us. If We become aware that We have collected Personal Data from anyone under the age of 13 without verification of parental consent, We take steps to remove that information from Our servers.

If We need to rely on consent as a legal basis for processing Your information and Your country requires consent from a parent, We may require Your parent's consent before We collect and use that information.

Your California Privacy Rights (California's Shine the Light law)

Under California Civil Code Section 1798 (California's Shine the Light law), California residents with an established business relationship with us can request information once a year about sharing their Personal Data with third parties for the third parties' direct marketing purposes.

If you'd like to request more information under the California Shine the Light law, and if You are a California resident, You can contact Us using the contact information provided below.

California Privacy Rights for Minor Users (California Business and Professions Code Section 22581)

California Business and Professions Code Section 22581 allows California residents under the age of 18 who are registered users of online sites, services or applications to request and obtain removal of content or information they have publicly posted.

To request removal of such data, and if You are a California resident, You can contact Us using the contact information provided below, and include the email address associated with Your account.

Be aware that Your request does not guarantee complete or comprehensive removal of content or information posted online and that the law may not permit or require removal in certain circumstances.

Links to Other Websites

Our Service may contain links to other websites that are not operated by Us. If You click on a third party link, You will be directed to that third party's site. We strongly advise You to review the Privacy Policy of every site You visit.

We have no control over and assume no responsibility for the content, privacy policies or practices of any third party sites or services.

Changes to this Privacy Policy

We may update Our Privacy Policy from time to time. We will notify You of any changes by posting the new Privacy Policy on this page.

We will let You know via email and/or a prominent notice on Our Service, prior to the change becoming effective and update the "Last updated" date at the top of this Privacy Policy.

You are advised to review this Privacy Policy periodically for any changes. Changes to this Privacy Policy are effective when they are posted on this page.

Contact Us

If you have any questions about this Privacy Policy, You can contact us:

  • By visiting this page on our website: [___WEBSITE_CONTACT_PAGE_URL___]
  • By sending us an email: [___WEBSITE_CONTACT_EMAIL___]

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